ブックタイトル「煉瓦造建造物の保存と修復」英語版

概要

「煉瓦造建造物の保存と修復」英語版

(white board writing 4) Such effectswere also seen. When there is awall like this in the building, areinforcing wall was introduced bycutting into the wall. This was forpreventing out-of-plane failure. Thereinforced concrete will possiblydeform over the years and smallcracks will appear. From observingwhite board writing 4 only the conditions of damage, it isnot clear which members were affected by the loads to causedeformation. There are some parts of the wall that are notloaded and become susceptible to out-of-plane failure.Through experiments using the earthquake shaking table,severe out-of-plane collapse was observed on the uppermostfloor. If the connections are appropriately constructed, thebuilding will collapse from this point on. However, if areas arealtered to reinforced concrete and horizontal movements aresmall, there are cases where the lower level will collapse. Withreinforced concrete continuous planes, it is not clear howloads are transferred, but with timber beams, it is clear thatloads are transferred straight down from the beam.(white board writing 5) For example, a method of placinga connecting beam on top of a wall was devised. It is not ofreinforced concrete, but the same masonry structure partiallyreinforced was employed to strengthen the top of walls tocreate a continuous structural body.Regarding rubble stone masonry built up of small stoneSatoshi NishiokaFrom your lecture, I understood that in Italy qualitativereinforcement is adopted. To what extent are buildingsreinforced? In Japan, extant buildings are reinforced aimingat the same performance as required for new construction,in other words to reach the level of 1.0, while in Italy it is 0.8.Are there other goals to be met or is reinforcement limitedto a degree that can possibly be realized?Claudio ModenaThe intensity of the actions is given as maximum values onthe response spectrum, so for every return period for everysite, provided by the code is a response spectrum defined bythe maximum, the plateau, and the peak ground accelerationand the shape of the response. The peak ground accelerationis based on solid rock. The maximum value of solid rock is0.33, a maximum in Italy, but there can be local variations inthe order of two or three times.But again, in our new code, qualitative judgment hasbeen adopted. For example,（white board writing 6）whendesigning a new structure in higher seismic areas, we have0.35 G peak ground acceleration, so the response spectrumis like that, and the response spectrum determines thedynamics of the system.white board writing 5pieces, there is a different problem in the tendency for localdamage to appear. In the past, there have been cases wheresteel bars were used to attach reinforced concrete ontomasonry structures. After an earthquake, the reinforcedconcrete and steel bars could be seen, but the masonrystructure had been lost. From such an example, it can beunderstood that intervention should be kept to a minimum.Although studies through calculations are indispensablefor evaluation of safety, qualitative judgment is alsonecessary. Qualitative judgment begins with understandingof the building’s past, in other words how the structurehas transformed over the years. In order to greatly alterthe structural response, it becomes necessary to rely onqualitative judgment, thus personal judgment.white board writing 6However, in some areas, there are local micro-zoning withlocal amplification effects, which can increase this figure to0.7, 0.8, or even 1 G. In L’Aquila, the reference value is 0.25,but the actual measured values were 0.8. This is a value fordesigning new structures.When intervening in existing structures, our code providesan option of either retrofitting or improving. The new codewill be published in two or three months. The current coderequired retrofitted existing structures to meet requirementsof the same value as for new construction, until now. Onthe other hand, in the new code, the standards given forretrofitting is 0.8, 0.8, and 0.64. The new code providesthese figures as goals under the condition that you don’t75